What is Sentinel-1?
The Sentinel-1 mission is the European Radar Observatory for the Copernicus joint initiative of the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Copernicus is a European initiative for the implementation of information services dealing with the environment and security. It is based on observation data received from Earth Observation satellites and ground-based information. The mission comprises a constellation of two satellites, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B, sharing the same orbital plane. The orbit has a 12-day repeat cycle and completes 175 orbits per cycle. Sentinel-1 operates in four exclusive acquisition modes, each of them having its advantages and disadvantages, but the most commonly used one is Interferometric Wide swath (IW).
Both Sentinel-1 spacecraft carry a single SAR instrument operating at a center frequency of 5.405 GHz.
What is SAR?
Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar. SAR is used to create two-dimensional images or three-dimensional reconstructions of objects, such as landscapes. SAR uses the motion of the radar antenna over a target region to provide more sufficient spatial resolution than conventional beam-scanning radars. SAR has the advantage of operating at wavelengths not impeded by cloud cover or a lack of illumination and can acquire data over a site during the day or nighttime under all weather conditions. Sentinel-1, with its C-SAR instrument, can offer reliable, repeated wide-area monitoring.
Sentinel-1 applications and advantages over other satellite imagery.
The main applications of Sentinel-1, according to ESA, are as following:
- Land Monitoring (forestry, agriculture)
- Maritime Monitoring (ice and ship recognizing)
- Emergency Management (volcano and flood observing)
As mentioned above, the performance of Sentinel-1 is independent of available daylight and visibility, which is why it is often preferred over optical imagers for these applications. Besides that, Sentinel-1 images can be acquired for free through different UIs, e.g., Copernicus Open Access Hub, or by directly using their API. Sentinel-1 has a pretty decent revision time — two satellites S1A and S1B, have a combined repeat cycle of 6 days while providing a high resolution of 20m per pixel for Ground Range Detected products. These advantages make Sentinel-1 one of the more popular SAR satellites used in research and production environments.
Challenges of using Sentinel-1 images
Despite all of the above, there are still some challenges to overcome Sentinel-1 imagery usage in your projects.
Firstly, due to the side-looking nature of SAR images and the way level-1 products are generated, there are some issues with images’ quality, e.g., they are geometrically distorted and have some noise. To deal with the problem, you will need to run a preprocessing pipeline. The best option would be to use the ESA Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP), which has the most tools to fix these problems as a part of the Sentinel-1 toolbox.
Another issue was found when using Copernicus Open Access Hub to download Sentinel-1 is that images that are older than one year are being put into a long-term archive. To retrieve such pictures, you will first need to request for them to be brought back online and only then download them. In case you might not want to wait another day before downloading the images you need, you will have to use other download services that aren’t free.
Sentinel-1 preprocessing
Sentinel-1 images require preprocessing. You could use a desktop version of SNAP. However, if you want to automate this preprocessing step, it doesn’t fit the criteria. Therefore, there exists a command-line interface for using SNAP operators called GPT (Graph Processing Tool). It takes in an XML file with a predefined preprocessing pipeline and runs the same preprocessing steps as if you were a desktop version. The most uninvolved command-line call would look something like this:
gpt my_graph.xml -Pinput input.file -Poutput output.fileOther than that, there are also community-driven libraries like pyroSAR that create an interface for using SNAP operators and GPT. If you are looking for a set of operators that would be good to use in your Sentinel-1 preprocessing, the following article addresses some of the fixing Sentinel-1 issues, like correction of geometric distortions and noise removal using SNAP operators.
The list of operators from this article looks like this:
- Apply orbit file (Apply-Orbit-File in SNAP)
- Thermal noise removal (ThermalNoiseRemoval in SNAP)
- Border noise removal (Remove-GRD-Border-Noise in SNAP)
- Calibration (Calibration-Sigma in SNAP)
- Speckle filtering (Speckle-Filter in SNAP)
- Range Doppler Terrain Correction (Terrain-Correction in SNAP)
- Conversion to dB (LinearToFromdB in SNAP)
How we used Sentinel-1 images
Soilmate is the product where we used Sentinel-1 SAR images alongside Sentinel-2 optical images to create crop classification maps that tell you specified crops to grow on the agricultural fields. Even though we didn’t use just Sentinel-1 images alone for solving this task, Sentinel-1 has shown itself as a great addition to Sentinel-2, increasing our accuracy by at least 5% across all of the experiments we had. In short, we’ve built time series of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images over a specific region and used convolutional neural networks to produce crop classification maps, as shown in the picture below. The method we used is based on this article.
Conclusion
The Sentinel-1 mission is based on a collection of satellites that acquire images of an Earth’s surface by using synthetic-aperture radar. Images are provided weekly and are of high resolution. The quality of the images doesn’t depend nor on the weather conditions nor on what time of the day they were taken. Sentinel-1 can be used in land monitoring, maritime monitoring, and emergency management. There are some challenges to using Sentinel-1, but you can easily overcome them.
Hope that this article gave you some insight into what Sentinel-1 images are and how to use them.
Writer and Editor — Andrey Nesmyanovich
